The cheese slicer, invented by Thor Bjrklund of Norway

The cheddar slicer, concocted by Thor Bjrklund of Norway The cheddar slicer, or cheddar plane, is a sharp innovation created by a Norwegian bureau producer, Thor Bjã ¸rklund. Utilizing a rule like that of the carpenter’s plane found in his workshop, Bjã ¸rklund culminated a gadget for making dainty, uniform cuts from the hard cheeses supported in Norway, for example, gouda and jarlsberg. Thor Bjã ¸rklund Invents the First Cheese Slicer Bjã ¸rklund concocted and protected the cheddar plane in 1925. He established the organization Thor Bjã ¸rklund Sã ¸nner AS in Lillehammer two years after the fact, which was Norway’s just maker of the customary Norwegian cheddar slicer (ostehã ¸vel), and the first on the planet. From that point forward, the organization has created more than 50 million cheddar slicers. Initially, it took an hour to deliver each cheddar slicer, while today, roughly 7,000 slicers can be made in 60 minutes. Other Cheese Slicing Inventions The cheddar plane isn't the main creation devoted to cheddar, however. The cheddar blade itself is intended to battle the issue of extremely delicate cheeses. With a serrated edge, the cheddar blade decreases the measure of delicate cheddar adhered to the sharp edge. Most edges will likewise have gaps to lessen the probability of cheddar adhering to the knife. The cheddar shaper includes a board with a wire on a cutting arm. The wire is of a fine check, again intended to slice through delicate cheddar without staying. The activity of the cheddar wire resembles that of a garotte.

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Tort Law - Essay Example Are the current legal and custom-based law components adequate to ensure security interests of people? Primary difficulties singular face in bringing activities against attacks of their security in English courts. Moving focal point of changes on common law from questions, guidelines of obligation to issues of common strategy and harms. Difficulties of technique and harms in carrying activities to ensure people protection 3. Ensuring security in the advanced age Individual security in the cutting edge age: difficulties of securing protection. Connection among web and media and individual security insurance. What changes can be made on the law to ensure individuals’ security. Is the fault for the English law to accomplish its obligation to ensure individual’s security accused on media? 4. Protection law changes in the United Kingdom Press and individual security. Guideline of press for changes in the UK for motivations behind securing security interests as opposed to the job of common law in assurance of protection interests ( Joint Select Committee report â€Chapter five and the Leveson report 2002) 5. Right to Privacy and opportunity of articulation Rights to security and opportunity of articulation: the contentions emerging from rights to protection and opportunity of articulation according to individuals’ security (Mosley v News bunch Newspaper Ltd (2008) EMLR20). Media and the opportunity of articulation. ... m so as to secure the protection of individuals.† Discuss Introduction In the old customary law people are qualified for full insurance face to face and in property. In any case, there have been no unmistakable definitions concerning the degree of this protection.1 Personal security has been attacked with the presentation of moment photos and papers. As indicated by Hughes individuals are currently apprehensive that what they do or talk stealthily may come out into the open space, if new laws are not set up to assurance singular intrusion to privacy.2 The law of tort furnished individual with cure from life and property impedance. The privilege to life just gave people security from battery all things considered. With the acknowledgment of the otherworldly, mind and human sentiments lawful rights have gotten wide. Laws have been defined to shield people from hostile clamor, scent, residue, smoke and unnecessary vibrations.3 Statutes and laws English law didn't perceive the priv ilege to privacy4. It depended vigorously on law of trespass, irritation, criticism and noxious deception to ensure individual privacy5. Improvement of resolutions, for example, Protection from Harassment Act 1997, The Data Protection Act 1998 and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 saw expanded headway in the security of security. With development of law it has gotten clear to person that hurt, fulfillment and gains in life don't start from the substantial things. This has subsequently prompted the legitimate energy about individuals’ suppositions, opinions and sentiments. The development in the customary law has permitted judges to bear the cost of mandatory resistance without requesting bearings from the parliament.6 Introduction of tort on protection in the English law Privacy manages individuals’ information’s and

Human Resources (Healthcare) - Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HR (Healthcare) - Case Study Example Thirdly the determination procedure includes comprehension or assessment of an individual’s potential in taking care of disputable or facing issues and to work amicably in a pressurized activity setting. Essentially in the fourth case the choice procedure ought to likewise will in general assess the level of advancement fused in rendering new activities in a proactive design by the administrative candidates in investigating issues. At last the choice procedure of the bosses ought to likewise will in general watch the nimbleness in the administration staffs to upgrade their specialized and procedure ability through learning. Alongside the above parameters explicit apparatuses can be joined like ‘Role Playing’ that thusly adds to the decrease of the occasion of Role Ambiguity in the working environment. Correspondingly separated from leading ‘Personal Interviews’ scales can be sufficiently intended to rate the social properties of the various candidates dependent on ‘Behavioral Anchored Rating Scales’. The scales can be made on a Five Point premise from ‘Very Good’ to ‘Very Poor’ rating the various parameters like ‘Interpersonal Skills’, ‘Initiative’, ‘Working under Pressure’, ‘Leadership’, ‘Prompt Decision Making Potential’ and others to subsequently introduce a successful evaluation of the individual potencies engaged with coordinating the prerequisites of the job set (Rice and Burnett, n.d., p.2-5). The determination procedure for the administrators can be additionally upgraded through the consolidation of the 360 degree evaluation program. Consolidation of the 360 degree evaluation contributes in the picking up of compelling input from subordinate and companions of the candidates included with the end goal that a viable determination strategy can be executed. The boss to be chosen would work to pick up progress for the worry not in a segregated manner. Or maybe the individual would be require to attract the help of the staffs included whether along a similar level or subordinates to support him

B. Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

B. Movement - Essay Example Along these lines, I would have the option to make sense of how extraordinary Nora is contrasted with the remainder of her schoolmates as far as the degree of innovativeness, genius, and particularly the way she communicates just as the substance of every one of her reactions. Her level of responsiveness on specific issues examined would help me in recognizing a part of her contention. Besides, I would keep on staying in contact with Nora’s companion in private for refreshes and presumably ask how Nora is adapting to her interests at home or any pieces of the network past school. I figure it may assist with encouraging Nora’s companion to remain close by during the minutes she seems upset or tried to perceive how their soothing nearness may forestall any propensities of self-curse by Nora. On the off chance that I can get her to open up to me what the genuine issue is behind her slitting of wrist in this procedure, my job as an educator I assume could go similar to speaking with her folks, yet just at the trace of her assent or at whatever point she feels prepared. In the mean time, I should continue showing the class, of which Nora is part, the pith not simply of scholarly undertaking however even the qualities related with defeating life’s

Globalization Positive and Negative Impacts

Chapter by chapter list Introduction The birthplace of Globalization Positive Impact of Globalization Negative Impacts of Globalization China and India and the World’s Economy Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The discussion of globalization despite everything seethes with pundits and defenders the same neglecting to arrive at an agreement on its advantages and disadvantages. This follows the common contrasts envisioned by individuals in their endeavor to give the genuine significance of globalization.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Globalization Positive and Negative Impacts explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Is it the meeting up of political, efficient, or social association around the globe, or is it the force behind the ontogeny of economy, achievement, or vote based freedom? It is significant that these, among different inquiries identifying with globalization, will draw in clashing reactions, larger part of which will rel y upon individuals just as spot. For example, the appropriate response from an individual in Cairo will contrast from one in Washington, which will likewise vary from the one in Johannesburg. Indeed, the reaction will likewise contrast with individuals from a similar spot. Subsequently, to think of a standard meaning of globalization may demonstrate hard and consequently the discussion. Of vital significance is the way that, the appropriate responses will too change dependent on how different individuals in different spots see globalization. There are the individuals who will put together their answers with respect to culture, governmental issues, while others will put together them with respect to economy. All things considered, the appropriate inquiry remains, what is globalization. Qualities prove to be useful while indicating the ramifications of globalization. For example, when one pictures globalization as ‘McDonaldization’ or just ‘Americanization’ o f the world, it stands apart as a procedure, directed by the American culture whereby, every other culture take action accordingly. What's more and dependent on culture, globalization can remain as the blending of assortment societies in their quest for, learning, yet additionally offering to one another. As per Rothenberg, â€Å"Globalization is the speeding up and escalation of communication and combination among the individuals, organizations, and legislatures of various nations† (2) This definition stands apart as the most unprejudiced on the grounds that it considers all the regions, which at first were independently used to characterize globalization. It considers the human government assistance like security and wellbeing. It additionally conveys with it the issue of condition, not saving society, which is a mix of religions, thoughts, and legislative issues. Economy and the accomplishment of various social orders the world over stand apart inside this definition. Be t hat as it may, this isn't the last definition. Over the long haul, various qualities will emerge true to form, a circumstance that will change the significance. Subsequently, it leaves a space for such a condition and consequently the most preferred definition. Be that as it may, it is imperative to consider a few issues that encompass globalization as opposed to majoring on its definition.Advertising Looking for examine paper on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The starting point of Globalization The exact rise globalization isn't notable. While a few students guarantee that it came over the span of the present age, others state that it bears a profound established cause. Among the individuals who view globalization as having a profound established history is Gander Frank, the financial expert, who built up the reliance hypothesis. Straightforward sets, â€Å"A type of globalization has been in presence since the ascent of exchange connects among summer and the Indus Valley Civilization in the third thousand years BC† (29). Thus, this suggests globalization of economy and culture has been in presence for quite a while returning to the third thousand years. For example, during the Hellenistic time, business focuses set up at this period focused on the whole Greek culture. Therefore, exchange spread covering an enormous zone starting right from India to Spain. This is the period when exchange spread at a rate more noteworthy than any time in recent memory acknowledged previously. It is the period, when the idea of cosmopolitan was utilized just because alluding to a ‘world city’, which inferred the meeting up of an assortment of Greek societies. This situation is seen to be the main type of globalization, yet not alone. The exchange organize made out of the Han Dynasty, the Roman Empire, and the Parthian Empire likewise remains as an early type of globaliz ation. As per Adela, â€Å"The expanding verbalization of business connects between these forces roused the advancement of the Silk Road, which began in western China, arrived at the limits of the Parthian realm, and proceeded onwards towards Rome† (Para. 2). The Islamic Golden age can't evade referencing. It remains as another type of globalization in which a critical world economy was built up. The foundation of worldwide harvests, information, exchange, just as innovation denoted this period. Therefore, crops like sugarcane and cotton commanded the Muslim world. Furthermore, the learning of the Arabic and the Hajj came about to a worldwide Muslim culture. Be that as it may, as all these occurred, they couldn't be seen as bearing the issue of globalization. As indicated by the then peoples’ understanding, these were simply yet ordinary happenings expected in a developing society, economy, and legislative issues, to specify however a couple. The situations that develo ped as from the beginning of 21st century uncovered the issue of globalization. Individuals couldn't gain proficiency with the subject of globalization the easy path until the episode of the World War I and II in the twentieth century. These wars were the underlying driver of the numerous worldwide issues built up therefore. In this century, the subject of human rights was talked about everywhere following the repercussions of the wars whereby, individuals were seriously abused since there come up short on a body or an arrangement that could ensure them.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Globalization Positive and Negative Impacts explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is the century when a worldwide declaration of human rights was made in 1948, to deal with individuals in the event of another war episode. What's more, the issue of building up world administrations rose subsequently. The World Bank saw its sunrise in this century. Ambass adorial associations like the League of Nations just as the United Nations came to presence as well. Worldwide instruction likewise emerged with the foundation of a worldwide University in Tokyo, Japan. World Health Organizations, World Trade Organizations, among other worldwide associations were conceived in this century. In addition, a world economy rose over the span of this period. In light of the previously mentioned extensive meaning of the term globalization, every one of these events were consolidated in that, be it economy, culture, and legislative issues. It in this way gets the job done to connect the starting point of globalization with the twentieth century. Positive Impact of Globalization has affected the world to an enormous reach out in various manners. The mechanical, monetary, budgetary, wellbeing, political, to make reference to however a couple of parts, bear a critical impact of globalization. The outgrowth of worldwide yield showcases just as the widened acces s of an assortment of outsider products and ventures, for enterprises, yet in addition for purchasers, has prompted the worldwide development of businesses. This emerges from the expanded stream in and stream out of materials and products both inside and past the national limits. Bhagwati exposits that † International exchange made merchandise expanded in excess of multiple times (from $95 billion to $12 trillion) in the a long time since 1955† (27). The development alluded to here is mechanical development that was acknowledged in light of globalization. In this manner, it is deducible that globalization has seen the development of enterprises on the planet. The development of globalization leaves an imprint in the monetary area. The endeavors utilized in checking the overall wars uncovered the chance of clearing ways for the foundation of some of other overall administrations. The monetary administrations area bears this characteristic of globalization. Globalization h as seen the beginning of worldwide money related markets while simultaneously widening the closeness of financing administrations, both inner and outer. For example, the beginning of 21st century was set apart by a critical increment in cash exchange, with more than $1.5 trillion being merchandized day by day to cook for the expanded speculation and exchange levels. The economy division has additionally been affected by globalization.Advertising Searching for look into paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Globalization yields a positive effect on economy. Individuals have put forth attempts to think of a typical world market where they are at freedom to trade both capital and items. It is significant that, these business sectors delineate an articulated interconnection with the end goal that a fall or an ascent in one is sufficient to carry a relating impact to the others. What's more, globalization has prompted the creation of products and enterprises at a less expensive expense. This then again has cleared path for the development of business chances to areas with less compensation, negligible security of laborers, just as less wellbeing contemplations. The effect of globalization in the field of wellbeing segment additionally sticks out. Worldwide exchange and worldwide economy have prompted the foundation of worldwide wellbeing arrangements, which then again stay supported by the rising innovation and the clinical exchange. As indicated by Ollila, â€Å"Global needs, in this circ umstance, are once in a while at chances with national needs where expanded wellbeing in

Alcoholism a Family Disease

Alcoholism a Family Disease February 14, 2020 kristian sekulic/Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Children of Alcoholics Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Alcoholism is a family disease because it affects the family as a whole and each member individually. Living with alcohol abuse means being in an unsafe environment filled with disruptions to normal routines, the tension of strained relationships, and dishonesty. The  disease of alcoholism  affects every family members life, attitude, and way of thinking perhaps more dramatically than it does for the drinker.   Although more than 10 percent of kids live with a parent who has alcohol problems, your familys situation may also involve an alcoholic teen.?? There are over 861,000 kids ages 12 to 20 who use alcohol heavily according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcoholism Takes Your Family by  Surprise With alcoholism, the heat is constantly being turned up, but nobody notices. Cunning and baffling! As a  progressive disease. It may start out with casually accepting unacceptable behavior.  Oh, he didnt mean that. He just had too much to drink last night. A few years down the road the behavior has slowly grown more and more  intolerable, but it is still being accepted and becomes the norm. Your family ends up with chaos in your own home that a few short years ago would have been unthinkable. If you looked out the window and saw the same kind of things taking place across the street at the neighbors house, you would probably pick up the phone and call 911 to get  those  people some help! Alcoholism and the Children Children lack positive role models in an alcoholic family and need stability to thrive. The alcoholic parent is dysfunctional. The other parent models enabling behavior and may be a victim of physical abuse. Children are sensitive to the arguments and psychological warfare going on in an alcoholics home.   One minute mom  is screaming and threatening him with everything from divorce to death. The next minute she may be compassionately rescuing him from the consequences of his latest episode by dutifully cleaning up his messes, making excuses for him and accepting an increasing degree of unacceptable behavior. Potential Impacts of Parental Alcoholism on Children The Partner As the Enabler As the alcoholic behavior escalates and becomes routine in your own home, the last thing that would occur to you is to get help. Youve been slowly drawn into the thinking that you should protect the alcoholic because you care. You cover for him, lie for him and hide the truth. You keep secrets, no matter how bad the chaos has become. Protecting him by telling lies has actually created a situation that makes it easier for him to continue (and progress) in his downward spiral. Rather than help the alcoholic, and yourself, you have actually enabled him to get worse. Are You Enabling an Addict or Alcoholic? When Will Your Loved One Get Help? The disease of alcoholism typically continues to progress until the person is ready to reach out and get help for himself. However, waiting for that to happen is not your only choice. Family members can begin to recover whether the alcoholic is still drinking or not by contacting an Al-Anon Family group, SMART Recovery Family Friends, or other outreach organization for support and advice. There is hope and help out there. You just have to take the first step. 8 Steps to Organizing an Alcoholic Intervention

What is Creative Writing Course Here’s the Answer

The one who is determined to be engaged in writing the literature works has to understand the notion of what is creative writing course. It is aimed at offering the writing tips and improving the skills on how to write fiction, non-fiction, poetry, short stories, articles, letters, reviews and so on. The course might be beneficial for those who is determined to develop such techniques as style formation, compiling the theory, developing the imagination, revision techniques, grammar observation, publishing, scholarly research. In this respect, following the fundamentals of the course, the one can enhance his/her writing skills, learn the structure and styles of the different writings. Thus, at the moment it is significant to dwell upon the definition of what is creative writing course. The Notion of Creative Writing Course Creative Writing Course is the chance either for the beginner writer to enhance the writing techniques or for the person aimed at developing the creativity and imagination. It offers the large stock of information regarding different writing methods that can be applied in the domain of literature and theater. It is important to destroy all the barriers standing on literature bridge, thus the teachers give the determination to start the writing process. Therefore, the person is aware of where and when to begin the writing and overcome the writer’s block. Lessons Offered by the Creative Writing Course The most important method becomes the tutorial on how to develop the proper structure of the work based on the appropriate grammar and style. Then writers are taught how to tap into the creativity and widen the horizon of reality in order to create the novelty for readers. Moreover, participants of the course get the benefits of wide reading and brainstorming the ideas. They acquire such personal qualities as the self-discipline, confidence, persistence, and resilience. Advice for Published Writers If the one is determined to professionally start the activity of a published writer, the course offers the necessary tips and advice on how to successfully publish a book. The teachers give the basic information on how to develop the writer’s craft, namely how to make up the interesting and original title, organize the main body, revise the paper, conduct the research. The one is taught how to catch and draw the attention of the target audience, and how to make the writing stylistically colored. Then, the one is provided with the information concerning the representation of the writing in the modern market in order to make it famous to the mass. Afterward, the person submits the work to the editorial houses and includes the copyright, libel, and plagiarism. Types of Writings Depending on the choice of the type of writing, the one might be aware in such fields as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, short stories, novels, fillers, humor, letter, biographies, memoirs. After finishing the course, the person can write the different scenario for TV or radio shows, articles about trips, trade, fashion. Moreover, the writer might show his/her talents in writing the reviews on books, articles, speeches or publishing the inspirational writings. The one can be engaged in writing the children’s literature, for competitions as well as for religious events. Furthermore, the one would be able to present him or herself in the theater domain, especially in playwriting and screenwriting.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Essay - 1633 Words

Everyone has experienced emotions such as anxiety, fear, and worry; they are a part of everyday life. These reactions are normal and healthy; they typically dont come too often, and when they do, they dont last very long. However, the United States Health and Human Services Department (1998) estimates there is about 3.2 million Americans that suffer from a psychological anxiety disorder called obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Those who suffer from this condition have frequent upsetting and unreasonable thoughts, worries, or fears. The Harvard Mental Health Letter (1998) notes that: â€Å"The most common obsessional theme is cleanliness (dirt and germs), followed by aggression and sex, safety, and order or symmetry. Obsessions may take†¦show more content†¦417) The obsessive thoughts and compulsive rituals performed by those with the disorder can often be alienating. They may find it difficult to maintain romantic relationships and friendships. Another alienating factor to this condition is the fact that many people dont know or understand what OCD is or what it looks like; if they witness an OCD sufferer performing rituals, they may think he or she is just crazy. They dont realize that a sufferer from this disorder literally does not have control of their thoughts and can not just simply make the decision to stop their compulsions. OCD can also be time-consuming, and will interfere with daily life, as sufferers can sometimes spend many hours completing their rituals. A Real Illness: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (2008) quotes the story of a person wit h OCD: â€Å"I couldnt touch any doors or countertops in public areas. I knew it didnt make any sense, but I was terrified of getting germs that could kill me. I almost couldnt go out in public, I was so afraid. If I thought I had touched anything, I would have to wash myself for hours. Sometimes I washed so much that my skin would get red and raw and bleed†. Sufferers of OCD also can experience financial strain, as they are often unable to work and can dispose of food and other things that they see in their mind as unclean. People who have obsessive-compulsive disorder can have one or more compulsions, which vary from person to person. â€Å"Compulsive rituals temporarilyShow MoreRelatedObsessive Compulsive Disorder 806 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Begin your paper with the introduction. The active voice, rather than passive voice, should be used in your writing. First discovered in the 19th Century, the neurosis of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a complex disorder consisting of obsessive thoughts often accompanied by compulsive behaviors that sufferers repeat in order to alleviate the anxiety caused by these thoughts. Discovery Prior to being seen as a legitimate mental health issue, OCD was originallyRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder1313 Words   |  5 Pagesmay have misspelled a word. You may feel that this is just a personal issue, but in reality, many people all over the world share the same thoughts and feelings. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or more commonly called OCD, as defined by (Obsessive, 2010), is a type of mental illness that causes repeated unwanted thoughts. This common disorder can be found in nearly every region and culture around the world, so even though one dealing with it may feel alone, the person sitting right beside them couldRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder798 Words   |  3 Pagespossible teachers – is required in order to check the obsessions, sensory phenomenon and compulsions in the case. In younger children, OCD features might appear subtly during play activities or drawing. It is vital to differentiate between obsessive compulsive symptoms and normal chi ldhood behavior, such as the normal practice or actions during playtime, food time or bedtime. In this context, the information about degree of distress, impairment and time consumed performing rituals should provideRead MoreEssay on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder1389 Words   |  6 PagesObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder, commonly known as OCD, is a type of anxiety disorder and was one of the three original neuroses as defined by Freud. It is characterized by recurrent, persistent, unwanted, and unpleasant thoughts (obsessions) or repetitive, purposeful ritualistic behaviors that the person feels driven to perform (compulsions). (1) The prime feature that differentiates OCD from other obsessive or compulsive disorders is that the sufferer understandsRead MoreObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Essay1025 Words   |  5 Pages Obsessive-compulsive disorder, also known as OCD causes people to suffer in silence and secrecy and can destroy relationships and the ability to work. It may bring on shame, ridicule, anger, and intolerance from friends and family. Although it has been reported in children, it strikes most often during adolescence or young adult years. The illness can affect people in any income bracket, of any race, gender, or ethnic group and in any occupation. If people recognize the symptoms and seek treatmentRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay1232 Words   |  5 PagesObsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness, apprehension, fear, or worry. The acts of those who have OCD may appear paranoid and potentially psychotic. However, OCD sufferers generally recognize their obsessions and compulsions as irrational and may become further distressed by this realization. Obsessive–compulsive disorder affects children and adolescents, as well as adults. Roughly one third to one half of adults withRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)1756 Words   |  8 Pages Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder that can affect children and adults. In order to fully understand OCD, many different areas of the disorder must be reviewed. First, OCD will be defined and the diagnosis criteria will be discussed. Secondly the prevalence of the disorder will b e considered. The different symptoms, behaviors and means of treatment are also important aspects that will be discussed in order to develop a clearer understanding of the implications of obsessive compulsiveRead MoreObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesObsessive-Compulsive Disorder, also known as OCD, is a psychiatric anxiety disorder that is characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts along with repetitive behaviors. These unwanted thoughts are called obsessions and the repetitive behaviors are called compulsions. Repetitive behaviors such as hand washing, checking, counting, and cleaning are usually performed with the hope of making these obsessive thoughts go away or even preventing them. These repetitive behaviors are often referred to asRead MoreEssay on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)875 Words   |  4 Pagessevere Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder that triggers people to have unwanted fixations and to repeat certain activities again and again. Everyone has habits or certain ways of doing something with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder these habits severely interrupt the way they live their lives (Familydoctor.org Editorial Staff). About one in 40 people suffer from some form of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (ABRAMOWITZ). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder oftenRead MoreAs Good as It Gets: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder1721 Words   |  7 PagesAs Good As It Gets: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder I chose the film â€Å"As Good As It Gets† and to focus on the character Melvin. Melvin displays many different behaviors throughout the movie such as anti-Semitic, narcissistic character, mysophobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. I will be focusing on the cause and effect of Melvin’s dysfunction to do with his OCD. We will examine the character in the movie and explain the assessment, symptoms, diagnosis, causes, and treatments. â€Å"As

The Middle East Conflict - 1125 Words

The Middle East Conflict Wynell Henry University of Phoenix Com 156 November 24, 2013 The real differences around the world today are not between Jews and Arabs; Protestants and Catholics; Muslims, Croats, and Serbs. The real differences are between those who embrace peace and those who would destroy it; between those who look to the future and those who cling to the past; between those who open their arms and those who are determined to clench their fists (William J. Clinton, 2013). Even though people who live in Palestine/Turkey/Syria area between1988 - 2013 have been in a state of war, peace will soon come. The Middle East is at constant war, peace will not come soon enough if rules don’t apply to self-government.†¦show more content†¦In the year 1947-1949 a war included five Arab armies was outnumbered by Zionists forces. The war was fought on Palestine land and this is when the Arabs enter the conflict after the Zionist committed 33 massacre. The Arab forces joined together and took over seventy-eight percent of Palestine’s land; Palestine was not considered being a part of the Map for many years. Eighteen years later Israel did a surprised attack and conquered twenty-two percent of their land in the sixth day war. This war was an attack on a Navy Ship, which was considered to be an act of war on the United States. The current conflict is trying to maintain an ethnically preferential state, especially when it is a large foreign origin. Turkey has a peninsula piece of land that belongs to Syria and has possession of it to this day. The other current conflict is the water resources that Turkey started damming the rivers. Lastly Israel have military occupation that is confiscating privately owned land in the West Bank and control over Gaza, and the Palestinians are having lesser control over their lives. Based on the Olso peace accords the territory was supposed to become a part of the Palestinian state, but it keeps getting worse due to the confiscation of land. However, the peace is not about the apartheid toward Palestine, the PalestiniansShow MoreRelatedThe Middle East Conflict1598 Words   |  7 PagesBy the year 1948, there was a massive amount of tension that had built-up in the Middle-East. This tension had in fact originated 19 centuries earlier, and had started due to the differences in both religion and nationalism between the Jews and Arabs. After the Romans gained control of Judea, this caused the diaspora of Jews to all the parts of the world. Eventually, the majority of Jews did return back to the region, after the official establishment of the state of Israel, and this led to the Arab-IsraelRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Middle East1237 Words   |  5 PagesMany things have occurred throughout history which have impacted the instability in the middle east. World War One, and all of the treaties, alliances, and declarations that came about due to that have affected todays time and the decisions the United States Military makes regarding the issues of the middle east. America has learned a lot from the past, and this has ultimately benefited them in the end. The United States is more able to make educated decisions now because of all the past occurrencesRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Middle East1773 Words   |  8 Pagescenturies, war in the Middle East has been on a rise. The main cause of war in most of these countries is religion. Everyone wants to fight for their religion and their Gods. The problem is in some religions such as Islamic, they believe when they kill they’re fighting for God, also they believe they will receive 100 virgins and go to heaven when they die. They are not the only religion fighting for their God, however, religions such as Judaism and others also fight. In the Middle East, if there is a warRead MoreConflict Of The Middle East2536 Words   |  11 PagesQuinn O’Leary 4/3/15 Conflict in the Middle East There has almost always been some kind of conflict in the Middle East, from modern conflicts with ISIS, to the long lasting conflicts over Jerusalem with the Palestinians and the Jews. Muslim world has always, in some shape or form, been very complicated. From the Fertile Crescent, to the war on terrorism, they have always played a part in history from good to bad. With only 21% of Muslims being extremist, why are they so powerful and not being overRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Middle East1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe Middle East as a whole is not viewed in a very bright light within the United States, and Iran is no exception. Many Americans view that Iran and it s people are full of hatred for the U.S. and that they all have the same ideology and hatred that their government has shown. What Americans don t know is that this is not the case. Many Iranians are oppressed and resent their government, though they won t outright say it for fear. There are Iranians who resent the U.S. as well, but those IraniansRead MoreMiddle East Conflict Essay859 Words   |  4 Pagesarea known as the Middle East since shifts in global power over the years have affected the topography. Now, however, the region can expansively be said to contain â€Å"the area from Libya E to Afghanistan, usually including Egypt, Sudan, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the other countries of the Arabian peninsula† (dictionary.com). This geographical definition can be said to contain both the ‘Near East’, ‘Middle East’, and even farther to the East and into AfricaRead MoreThe Palestinian Conflict Of The Middle East1654 Words   |  7 PagesIsraeli-Palestinian Conflict The creation of two sovereign states is the only possibility of a peaceful end to the conflict over historical Palestine in the Middle East. To achieve this, a third-party must offer enough incentive to both the Arabic and Jewish states and create a sovereign Palestinian state. This is not a very probable outcome, as the conflict is rooted in the peoples’ traditions and beliefs making it much harder to compromise. I predict this conflict will end in the overwhelmingRead MoreThe Syrian Conflict On The Middle East987 Words   |  4 PagesThe Syrian conflict began with the Arab Spring uprisings against President Bashar al-Assad in 2011 and quickly escalated into a civil war when Assad met peace with force. The Syrian Civil War has since transcended its internal objectives to become the arena for major international power struggles between countries, like Turkey, Iran, and the United States. On September 30, 2015, Russia entered the Syrian crisis on the side of Assad in oppositi on to the United States, who has been supporting the SunniRead MoreThe Syrian Conflict Of The Middle East1336 Words   |  6 Pagessmall in the Middle East being caused by the Western colonizers that colonized the Arab states in the 20th century. Now I defiantly don’t blame the British and French for all of our problems but indeed they are the root cause of some of the problems in the Middle East, and their meddling in the current affairs in the Middle East is adding on to the problems we have and causing new ones erupt. Out of all the problems in the Middle East the Syrian Conflict is one of the most brutal conflicts, thanks toRead MoreThe Middle East Conflict Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe Middle East Conflict The country previously known as Palestine but now as Israel has sparked major military and political confrontations between Arabs and Israelis during the 20th century in the Middle East. The area, which both groups of people claim is rightly their homeland is smaller then Britain, surrounded on the West by the Mediterranean Sea and on the other sides by neighbouring Arab countries. The Israelis believe it is rightly their homeland because

Invisible Man-Character Analysis - 1691 Words

Lucius Brockway is practically another Dr.Bledsoe or the representation of Booker.T.Washington’s ideas. 1. born into slavery to a white father and a slave mother in a rural area in southwestern Virginia in 1856 2. worked in West Virginia in a variety of manual labor jobs before making his way to Hampton Roads seeking an education 3. In 1881, he was chosen to be new Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. 4. famous for his â€Å"Atlanta Address† of 1895, attracting the attention of politicians and the public as a popular spokesperson for African American citizens 5. played a dominant role in black politics, winning wide support in the black community and among more liberal whites (especially rich Northern whites); gained access to†¦show more content†¦Poser doesn’t have to show off†¦I am at the controls.†(P142 ) Importance: â€Å"See Norton. You’ll find that he wants you disciplined; he might not know it, but he does. Because he knows that I know what is best for his interests.†(P143) Sacrifice: â€Å"I had to be strong and purposeful to get where I am. I had to wait and plan and lick around†¦Yes, I had to act the nigger!† (P143) Brockway In charge: â€Å"†¦this here’s the uproar department and I am in charge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (P212) â€Å"I’m the boss, and don’t forgit it.† (P213) Importance: â€Å"Right down here is where the paint is made. Without what I do they couldn’t do nothing, they be making bricks without straw. An’ not only do I make up the base, I fixes the varnishes and lots of the oils too..† (P214) Sacrifice: a. â€Å"No, he was making something down here, something too filthy and dangerous for white men to be willing to do even for money.†(P212) b. â€Å"He was barely five feet tall, his overalls looking now as though he had been dipped in pitch.†(P207) Even though working under such dirty, almost unbearable working conditions, Brockway doesn’t mind at all as long as he is at control. And such mentality is exactly what Booker.T.Washington promotes. â€Å"No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem. It is at the bottom of life we must begin, and not at the top.† Indeed, Brockway is â€Å"at the bottom of life† since he works in a deepShow MoreRelatedInvisible Man Character Analysis1760 Words   |  8 Pagesmoment in the text, if they ever physically make an appearance at all. It is the comical distortion of their nonexistent or brief physical occurrence in the text that demands a closer examination and analysis of the character to the text as a whole. Ralph Ellison fabricated such a character in Invisible Man, famously known by all of Harlem as Rinehart. Rinehart never physically appears in the novel, and is only known to both the reader and the narrat or for his various reputations. While the narratorRead MoreInvisible Man Character Analysis1533 Words   |  7 PagesIf you skipped from the end of the prologue of Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, all the way until the protagonist’s eviction speech, you would probably pick up the plot and character developments without a problem. The first few ordeals described in the novel can be infuriating because of the narrator’s naà ¯ve outlook and his persistence in trying to follow a ‘respectable’ path upwards in life. All of the psychological shifts that lead up to the captivating scenario from the first few pages happenRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Invisible Man711 Words   |  3 PagesThe narrator not only tells the story of Invisible Man, he is also its principal character. Because Invisible Man is a bildungsroman (a type of novel that chronicles a character’s moral and psychological growth), the narrative and thematic concerns of the story revolve a round the development of the narrator as an individual. Additionally, because the narrator relates the story in the first person, the text doesn’t truly probe the consciousness of any other figure in the story. Ironically, thoughRead MoreThe Invisible Man Character Analysis1150 Words   |  5 PagesH.G wells and Joyce Carol Oates utilize negative emotions of their characters in order to showcase the complexities of their motives. Griffin, the protagonist of the book The Invisible Man, is egotistical and selfish, but this is just his outer emotions. Throughout the story there are hints at a complex background behind the famed invisible man that contribute to the reason for his erratic behavior. This is the same with the Arnold Friend, the main antagonist for Wells short story Where Are You GoingRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man920 Words   |  4 Pagesnovel Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, the main character, Invisible Man, is taken on a journey to find himself and who he is. Along the way, he meets multiple people who change and morph him, but he comes to find out that he had been invisible the whole time. Not physically, of course; he could be touched and people saw him. But just because people saw him, doesn’t mean he was being seen. He was irrelevant and unnecessary, according to that time period’s society and standards. He was invisible, andRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Brother Jack and Brother Tod in Ralph Ellison’s, The Invisible Man696 Words   |  3 PagesRalph Ellison’s â€Å"The Invisible Man†, is a novel that reveals the characters psychological growth. Also, in this novel the story revolves around the narrator as an individual. In this novel the narrator relates the whole story in a first person point of view in which his name is never revealed. The narrator remains a voice throughout the entire novel, never establishing a concrete presence in the story. This is why he is l ooked at as an â€Å"invisible man.† In the novel, he is an African AmericanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prologue Of Ralph Ellison s Invisible Man1367 Words   |  6 PagesIn the prologue of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the unnamed narrator says that he is invisible, for he is not actually seen—or rather recognized—for his true self but through the imaginations of others’ minds. As surreal as his life under this â€Å"invisibility† and, literally, the ground is, the Invisible Man convinces with vivid details and emphatic diction. But the passage detailing his hallucination seems out of place, as it has far more ambiguous language and moral. However, his hallucinationRead MoreInvisible Man1629 Words   |  7 PagesAmanda Trujillo Gianunzio English 1B 24 October 2017 Invisible Man: Impact of Invisibility and Blindness on Individual identity The themes of blindness and invisibility are evident throughout the novel. The society is blind to the behavior and characteristics of the narrator. The narrator makes himself invisible since he knows the society already sees him as an unimportant individual. The aspect of invisibility is evident throughout the novel including his aim of impressing the white, his innocenceRead MoreInvisible Man by Ralph Ellison Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Ralph Ellison’s novel, Invisible Man, the narrator is a young, African-American male who believes that he is invisible. Throughout the novel, he spends a great amount of time and effort trying to figure out his identity and find a way to make himself visible in society. One of the narrator’s main attempts brings him to join an organization known as the Brotherhood, where he is able to utilize his talent for public speaking as an advocate for the Brotherhood and allRead MoreBlack Men And The Brotherhood Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagesblack men to amplify their visibility and expedite their success. The Brotherhood is an organization led by Brother Jack that entices the Invisible Man, recruits him, and takes advantage of his invisibility to spark a riot in the streets of Harlem. The Brotherhood takes advantage of his invisibility in multiple ways: the organization advises the Invisible Man during his speeches, the organization sends him across New York as it see fit, the organization gives him money, and the organization fuels

Fnt1 Memo Example - 1345 Words

|Sound Investment, Inc.| Memo To: Brian Little, President/CEO of Durable Home Goods From: , President/CEO Sound Investment, Inc. Date: 6/25/2011 Re: Durable Home Goods Brian, Attached you will find my analysis of Durable Home Goods (DHG) for fiscal year 11 and my insights on some of your strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities to drive topline sales in 2012. Current Ratio The current ratio is an indication of a company’s ability to pay current liabilities with current assets. The formula for calculating the current ratio is current assets divided by current liabilities. DHG has a current ratio of 1.69 for year 11. When compared to the current ratio of 1.83 in year 10 and industry data quartiles of 3.1, 2.1, and 1.4 this ratio†¦show more content†¦No recommendation to management needed. Rate of return on net sales The rate of return on net sales ratio is an indication of a company’s ability to sell its goods profitably. The formula for calculating this is net income divided by net sales. DHG has a rate of return on net sales ratio of 6.33% for year 11. This compared to the rate of return on net sales of 5.68% in year 10 and the industry quartiles of 7.55%, 6.12%, and 4.20% indicates strength. Management needs to continue reducing operating expenses to improve profitability. Rate of return on total assets The rate of return on total assets ratio is an indication of a company’s ability to effectively uses its assets to generate earnings. The formula for calculating this is net income added to interest expense divided by average total assets. DHG has a current rate of return on total assets of 13.71% for year 11. This compared to the rate of return on total assets of 12.30% in year 10 and the industry quartiles of 17.2%, 12.30%, and 8.60% indicates a strength for DHG. Management needs to continue leveraging the company’s assets to generate additional earnings. Rate of return on common shareholders’ equity The rate of return on common shareholders’ equity ratio is an indication of a company’s ability to generate income for each dollar invested by its

Terror and repression were essential elements in establishing Free Essays

string(123) " forced to clap and cheer his name and show him praise because if they didn’t they knew there would be consequences\." Each communist regime, although In different countries have remarkable similarities In how they were seized ND governed. A lot of propaganda was used during these times. The people were all forced to believe in things that weren’t exactly true and if they decided to rebel and stand up for their rights, they would either be killed or held in captivity for the rest of their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Terror and repression were essential elements in establishing or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have chosen two countries which I will go into more depth on and they are Hungary and Poland. In my opinion these two countries struggled the most through terror and repression, and were helpless during their communist regimes but both countries against all the odds were hungry and willing enough to tend up in the end and fight for their freedom. At the end of the second world war, Budapest in Hungary was in war with soviet soldiers, the streets of Budapest were a war ground, and people took to the streets to try to fight against these soviets. However the soviets were victorious in their quest and took control of Hungary. Mantas Razors who was loyal to the soviets and the communism regime, had his own political party and had backing from the soviets. Rascal’s alma was to convince communism was the way to go for Hangar’s future. In 1947 a free election took place and people had the possibility to freely vote who they anted to run Hangar’s government, but Rakish still managed to come into power, due to terror, repression, intimidation, trial and fraud. Arrack’s first aim in power was to eliminate all threats that could of cause Rakish problems, and his first assassination was the head of the Catholic church. Rakish wanted complete power and anyone who spoke out against the communists were arrested, put on trial and imprisoned for life. This reign of power continued and by the 1949 elections in Hungary there was no opposition left to stand up against Rakish and his soviet ways, he country was now run by soviet lines. It was a tragedy for the Hungarian people. Rakish like most dictators used propaganda methods to keep control of his people. He embedded the message of how he would lead Hungary into a wonderfully bright targeted everything good that Hungary had and ruined them with his corrupted mind. Rakish changed the Hungarian school system, everybody was forced to learn off Russian as a language, everyone also were forced to Join the young pioneers, which was the equivalent of a scout group which was organized by the soviet union for the gees of children from ten to eleven years of age. The young pioneers was founded in 1922 and stopped in 1991, the pioneers attended biblically run summer camps and learnt methods of cooperation. Rakish used a lot of propaganda methods to control his people. Rakish used advertisement to trick the people of Hungary, many ads were shown on Hungarian television promoting the soviet’s in a positive light in everyday possible they showed happy Hungarian smiling and laughing, an example of an ad that was shown at this time was a commercial showing the soviets in a positive light giving over big well bred ax’s to the poor peasants of this liberated country for them to make an income and feed the Hungarian people. Another example was a commercial about cotton, and in the ad it showed soviet cotton being delivered to Hungary to feed Hangar’s textile machinery, so the freezing worker’s of Hungary could cloth themselves in warm material. They also had an ad about the soviets finding new found grain fields which await Hungary, and this would provide Hungary with better quality crops and quick reproduction. These were all great commercials and it really made it seem that communism was he way forward for Hungary, so many more commercials like these were made. The Hungarian were completely and utterly bombarded by news real and advertisement, on their radios, their TV’s and even when they went to the cinema to see a film. Of course these were all fake lies, the ox’s that were shown in the ad were originally Hungarian ox’s and the Russian’s did not give them to the poor peasants, they actually took them from Hungary and brought them to Russia. Workers were also not given free clothing, it took a average paid worker three months wages to build up enough income to purchase one decent coat. The new found grain fields, didn’t exist anywhere near Hungary the fields belonged to Russia and remained in the hands of Russian farmers. The happy smiling faces of the people in the videos were Just hiding the sad grim reality of what was actually happening. The Russian’s also took enormous amounts of food out of Hungary and they imported it into their own country and distributed it to Russian markets all around the country. Hungarian off didn’t realize this was happening until months rolled on and Hungarian shops began to have shortages of food, such as potatoes and vegetables which they had ever had a shortage in before. This began to be a serious problem in Hungary as people were left in hungry. People were at the time now aware of what Rakish was doing but they were simply unable to stand against him due to fear of being imprisoned or even sentenced to death he had stuck terror into the eyes and souls of the Hungarian citizens and had All the people could do was remain in silence and were made to deal with the new circumstances. People were forced to praise to this corrupted evil man. Rakish gave speeches to the people about communism and his plans for the future of Hungary ND how he has plans to make Hungary a new independent country, the people of Hungary knowing what he was saying wasn’t true still were forced to clap and cheer his name and show him praise because if they didn’t they knew there would be consequences. You read "Terror and repression were essential elements in establishing" in category "Papers" Rakish wanted Hungary to go through industrialization. He wanted Hungary to be a country of ‘Iron and Steel’ these being his very own words. However Rakish wasn’t a patient man he wanted his country to miraculously change over night which was very ambitious. The process of Industrialization takes time and Rakish did not give time to anything while in charge. Rakish announced he was going to industrialist Hungary in 1950, and this announcement pleased them greatly, they were very grateful as the Hungarian people thought this would provide employment and wealth for Hungary and this would be the answer to their poverty sticker country. Rakish set his targets high, his ambition lacked the raw materials which they very much needed. High production targets were set. Workers were given quotas which must be met, and if the employee’s did not reach the quota set they were ‘an enemy of the people’ and if u somehow managed to met the quota, you were praised as a DOD communist. Rakish hailed two workers as he said they has supposedly reached these high production targets that Rakish desired, this was again another lie to put on the pile of Arrack’s bundle of lies. They had not really reached the targets but word soon spread around the industries in off Hungary and employees in the factories became bitter and envious toward these two men. This was a piece of tactical genius by Rakish. He then started to demand more work for such miserable wages. Soon work rate began to increase phenomenally but at a cost.. Workers found it impossible to met the quotas and they mound the only way that they could even come close was to cheat. For example workers hammered nails into washing machines instead of screwing them to save time. Although quantity of goods produced, quality of the goods plummeted. Shoes bought which cost a worker a couple of months wages came apart within days. Hungary had it an all time low. Terror and repression was defeating the poor Hungarian. This whole time the communist machine told the citizens of communist victory. People applauded Rakish due to the terror he had embedded into the minds of the Hungarian and the fear they had of him was not worth the risk of imprisonment or death. Rakish had secret undercover police everywhere called the AVOW, they walked around listening in to people conversations, everybody was left paranoid of them being behind their back. They listened to every whisper nobody could say anything negative about the communist regime without fear of been arrested and exiled to concentration camps on the outskirts of Hungary. The AVOW kept files on everybody, and nobody could be sure who the informers were they were trained to require and maintain stealth at all times in all their operations. Even the fear alone of knowing Between 1951 and 1952 thousands of people were deported to the mines, state farms or concentration camps by the AVOW. In 5 families had at least a member of their family or close friend taken away from them, it was impossible to escape the terror. If one family member was arrested, the whole family would be taken away by the AVOW and watched. This fear and paranoia drove people to insanity, which then led to a lot odd suicide’s and during this time 2000 people were executed. Many hated Rakish and the Soviet Union, instead of indoctrinating their generation with the ideas of communism, they sold th e seed of revolt. Poland was another country in Eastern Europe that suffered great terror and repression from 1945. Although the Nazi’s were expelled from Poland in 1945, Poland still remained off controlled by the Soviets for another 1 1 years after until 1956. When the Nazi’s were out of the picture, Poland therefore changed in many manners . In 1946 a referendum was held, they did this instead of holding their promised parliamentary elections and this was test to see if the communist rule was still popular in Poland. However the communists still one the battle of votes due to successful pole rigging, which was so easily done as people feared the communist parties as they were violent and they never show any remorse. Once the communist were in control of Poland their first plan of action was to eliminate all threats that opposed them. So the communist put a ban on miscounts parties. Any sign of citizens of Poland in anyway shape or form who did oppose the communist regime would be exiled. This terror and repression used by the soviets in Poland was the very same as what was used in Hungary. Polish citizens were afraid to stand up against this regime as they eared for their lives and also their families lives, as one person in a families actions could have a detrimental affect on the rest of the family. However in 1947 the Polish United Worker’s party the only left allele party formed. They had their first chance at parliament in the 1947 parliamentary elections, this allowed the party to come up against the Communist, they were shot down very quickly though, as they were powerless to the new placed government controls which were very strict. The election was won by the Communists and the candidates of the Communist party won the majority in the parliament. This ended all opposition to the Communist. Many members of the allele party left the country as there was no hope for them. An AK organization, known as Hollows I Neoclassic meaning Freedom and Sovereignty in English was set up, but it was not set up for violence or combat, it’s main aim was to help some AK soldiers make the transition of being partisan to a civilian of Poland. Although this group did not have many resources to face up to the Soviets they did very well and were successful in showing resistance to the Soviets. The Soviets felt they still needed to abolish all of these groups even though the AK organization was disbanded in late 1945, which probably prevented a civil war from taking place. However, many small groups decided to stay united and the Soviets were never going to be happy unless all their allies were disbanded as this would allow them to have complete control over Poland. How to cite Terror and repression were essential elements in establishing, Papers

Coca Colas Environment Essay Example For Students

Coca Colas Environment Essay Soon after John S Pemberton prepared the first batch of Coca-Cola syrup in 1886, his friend and bookkeeper, F.M. Robinson, chose an alliterative name. He wrote the words in the now familiar flowing script, and, in 1893, Coca-Cola was registered officially in the U.S Patent and Trademark Office. The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest beverage company and is the leading producer and marketer of soft drinks. The company markets four of the worlds top five soft drink brands: Coca-Cola (the worlds Number one and best known trademark), Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta. Through the worlds largest and most pervasive distribution system, consumers in nearly 200 countries enjoy the Companys products at a rate of more than 900 million a day. Soon after John S Pemberton prepared the first batch of Coca-Cola syrup in 1886, his friend and bookkeeper, F.M. Robinson, chose an alliterative name. He wrote the words in the now familiar flowing script, and, in 1893, Coca-Cola was registered officially in the U.S Patent and Trademark Office. In 1941 the word Coke received equal prominence in advertising with Coca-Cola and in 1945 was registered as a trademark. In 1888 control of the budding businessman Asa G. Candler who saw the potential for Coca-Cola and acquired sole ownership for the princely sum of $2,300. The Coca-Cola Company was formed in 1892 and within three years Coca-Cola was being drunk in every state of the U.S. Shortly afterwards the move into world markets began with sales in Canada and Honolulu. The key to this wider distribution was bottling. Coca-Cola was first put into bottles in 1894 but it was only at the turn of the century, when two businessmen from Chattanooga, Tennessee secured the rights to sell Coca-Cola throughout the U.S that bottling commenced on a large scale. Asa Candler was a great believer in advertising and countless souvenir and novelty items depicting the trademark were distributed during his period as proprietor. In 1919 the Candler interests were sold to Atlanta banker Ernest Woodruff. His son Robert Winship Woodruff was elected president of the Coca-Cola in 1923. During the 20s and 30s under Robert Woodruff, the Coca-Cola Company introduced many new ways of distributing and dispensing Coca-Cola, the Glascock Cooler for example and Automatic Dole Master. The stage was set for worldwide distribution with the establishment of what was to become the Coca-Cola Export Corporation in 1926 which was responsible for foreign sales. Under Woodruffs leadership many new merchandising and marketing ideas were put into practice and his vision of Coca-Cola as an international institution soon became a reality. One of Robert Woodruffs major objectives was to place Coca-Cola within an arms reach of desire. Even thirsty sports fans were within hailing distance of a vendor selling ice-cold Coke. Robert Woodruff insisted on quality for the product and its image, initiating stringent quality control standards for both bottling and fountain operations. By contract with The Coca-Cola Company or its local subsidiaries, bottling companies are authorised to package and sell their soft drinks within certain territorial boundaries and under conditions that ensure the highest standards of quality and uniformity. The company takes great pride in being a worldwide business that is always local. Bottling and canning plants are, with some exceptions, locally owned and operated by independent business people who are native to the countries in which they are located. Bottlers provide the required capital investment for land, buildings, machinery, equipment, trucks, bottles and cases. Most supplies are bought form local sources, often creating new supply industries and areas of employment within the local economy. The company supplies bottlers with syrups, concentrates and beverage bases and actively engages in management assistance to help ensure the profitable growth of the bottlers business. Bottlers are offered a broad range of business support services form the Company, in such areas as product quality control, marketing, advertising, engineering, finance and personnel training. To handle the enormous scope of its business, The Coca-Cola Company is divided into 6 operating units: the Middle and Far East Group, the Greater Europe Group, the Latin America Group, the North America Group (responsible for the United States and Canada), the Africa Group (responsible for the countries of sub-Saharan Africa), and The Minute Maid Company (the largest marketer of juice and juice-drink products in the world). The Company today views itself as a truly global corporation that happens to be headquartered in the United States. Martin Luther King JR EssayBottlers provide the required capital investment for land, buildings, machinery, equipment, trucks, bottles and cases. Most supplies are bought form local sources, often creating new supply industries and areas of employment within the local economy. The company supplies bottlers with syrups, concentrates and beverage bases and actively engages in management assistance to help ensure the profitable growth of the bottlers business. Bottlers are offered a broad range of business support services form the Company, in such areas as product quality control, marketing, advertising, engineering, finance and personnel training. To handle the enormous scope of its business, The Coca-Cola Company is divided into 6 operating units: the Middle and Far East Group, the Greater Europe Group, the Latin America Group, the North America Group (responsible for the United States and Canada), the Africa Group (responsible for the countries of sub-Saharan Africa), and The Minute Maid Company (the largest marketer of juice and juice-drink products in the world). The Company today views itself as a truly global corporation that happens to be headquartered in the United States. With decades of experience in international business, the Company has mastered the challenges of marketing and advertising to a vast world population. The messages are not simply translated but tailored to suit local cultures. Even within a single country, like the United States, the Company reaches different audiences in different ways to make sure that no segment of the population misses the message that Company products are special, different and better. Competitive Advantage Key Success Factors:Coca-Cola has built up a brand over the last 113 years in just under 200 countries serving a network of 14 million customers (e.g. Retailers, Cinemas etc.) who resell onto the consumer. Its recognisability as a brand is second to none. Coca-Cola is market leader in most of the countries it serves. Between all its brands it usually makes up three or four (e.g. In the USA Coca -Cola has established four of its brands in the top five) of the top selling soft drinks. The companys position within the market is virtually inpenetratable. The management successfully achieved to serve a wide range of markets and needs with equal effectiveness. The distribution system is regarded as one of the best in the world. The anchor bottlers, who are a strong and focused team, have contributed to the success of Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola, usually, hold an equity position within these bottlers which builds a unique working relationship. It gives a sense that your customers are also your partners. The company continues its integrative growth. Coca-Cola has a number of world-renowned brands, such as, Sprite, Fanta and Diet Coke. It is believed if production plants and inventories of the company went up in flames overnight, banks would give funds to rebuild with only the trademarks Coke and Coca-Cola as security. A great Strength of Coca-Cola is its diversification of brands within the drinks industry. As years pass they branch out into the juice (Minute Maid), sports drink (PowerAde) and water (Dasani) industry. Research and development (R;D) is a major factor in the company maintaining its number one slot. As they innovate by producing different brands, they also develop different products within the various brands. Most notably were the development of a variation of Coca-Cola itself with the introduction of Diet coke, Classic coke and Cherry coke. Most recently was the expansion of the Powerade range with the launch of Arctic Shatter later this year. The dual vision of Coca-coal of being both nearsighted and farsighted has set a worldwide standard. While creating a short-term goal, they will not sacrifice a long-term vision, to achieve it. The company has always believed in creating and improving the infrastructure of the company to build for the future. Amid dismal economic performance (e.g. Russia, Indonesia) will always continue to invest in the future. Coca-Cola boasts the slogan Now is why were confident about always which underlines their commitment to market orientated strategic planning. The market strength of Coca-Cola is revealed in the fact that in 113 years of business volume has only dropped 12 times, the last time was 44 years ago. It is for these reasons that Coca-Cola, which was a small chemist shop at the turn of the 19th century, will go into the 21st century as one of the top companies in the world. Bibliography:

Migration Polices in Australia- Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Prepare a letter of advice for Dan addressing the following Issues: 1.What is the ANZSCO code for Ais occupation? Who is the assessing body for this Occupation? 2.Can Ai apply for skilled migration with the assistance of her Uncle Dan? If she requires sponsorship from Dan, can Dan sponsor Ai to migrate to Australia? What kind of visa(s) would Ai apply for if Uncle Dan can sponsor her? 3.It so happens, that hospital pharmacists are also on the South Australian skilled occupations list. If Ai is not eligible for skilled migration under Uncle Dans sponsorship, can she seek a nomination from the South Australian government? What kind of visa would Ai apply for in this situation? 4.What would be the likely score if Ai were subject to the points test and would she pass? 5.If Ai is being nominated by the South Australian state government for a sub class 489 visa, will there be any visa conditions attached to her visa? Can she proceed to permanent residence from the sub class 489 visa and if so, what are the requirements? Answer: To Mr. Dan Hong Subject: Migration Advice Letter Dear Mr. Dan, As per your approaches for being a sponsor for Ai who want migration to go to Australia for working as a hospital pharmacist there are several terms which are need to follow according to the Migration Act 1958. The ANZSCO code for Ais occupation as a hospital pharmacist will be 251511 which UNIT GROUP will be 2515 PHARMACISTS where APharmC is the assessing authority for this occupation[1]. It is also notify that if Dan sponsors Ai for the migration then according to the Temporary Work (Skilled) (Subclass 457) visa she need to apply for migration for temporary employment in Australia[2]. Temporary Work (Skilled) (Subclass 457) visa is one of the most common visa for those employers who work in Australia for a temporary period by a sponsor who is the citizen or has a licensed business in Australia. The visa is processed by the Federal Government according to the Migration Act 1958. The application for the Temporary Work (Skilled) (Subclass 457) visa holders is regulated by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Ai also has rights to apply for the permanent residency visa under the Remaining Relative Visa (Subclass 115) for skilled migration in Australia. The visa applicant has only applied for this visa if he or she has any relative who can authorize the applicant then he or she may get the permanent residency. There are several requirement are introduces for the applicant of the Temporary Work (Skilled) (Subclass 457) visa[3]. Those are: The applicant must complete the age of minority or 18 years or above. The migration must process by a registered migration agent. The visa holder will be able to stay in Australia up to 4 years after the approval of the visa. The visa holder can live in Australia with the other family members. There must an approval need from the sponsor by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection. The sponsor must be citizen of Australia or have a registered business[4]. 457 visa holders must works for the sponsor employee. If they leave the job then the 457 visa holders need to find another sponsor within a specific time otherwise he need to get to his own country. The visa holder should have minimum skill in English. The health certificate and character certificate are also requiring for the applicant of 457 visa holder. The relevant licenses or registration is mandatory for the applicant for the nominated position where she is willing to work. The visa holder later applies for the permanent residency in Australia where they need to show or provide sufficient reason to get the permanent residency in Australia. The medical practitioner and general manager have rights to work for the both associated entity of the sponsors and nominated occupation. Therefore for being a sponsor for Ai, Dan needs to fulfill several requirements to being a sponsor. The sponsor must have approval for the nominated position.[5] The sponsor needs to provide various details to the Department of Immigration and Border Protection[6]. The sponsors are forming the bond of AUD500 as because Ai is 28 years and Dan will sponsor for her visa. The terms are: The sponsor must have registered and lawful operating business in Australia. He must have the skills to provide training to the employees or workers. The 457 visa holder must have the nominated occupation. The sponsors must need to demonstrate the importance to enjoy the employment under the 457 Visa. The sponsor must co-operate with the inspectors who are appointed to investigate under the Migration Act. It is also needs to provide a written employment contact with the visa holders. The employer or the worker should be paid the wages according to the market rates of Australia. The sponsors also provide every information to the Department of Immigration and Border Protection regarding the 457 visa holders. Therefore, according to the migration act Visa processing if the visa holder wants to leave the nominated job then it is the duty of the sponsor that they will inform to the Department of Immigration and Border Protection regarding the issues and if the visa holder failed to get sponsor then the visa will be cancelled. Ai is eligible for the skilled migration by the sponsorship of Dan who is her uncle and according to her occupation she is entitled to get the nomination under the South Australian Government as the Hospital Pharmacy which is accessible in South Australia (Adelaide). If Ai is applied for the skilled migration in South Australia with Dan sponsorship then she must have skilled work experience of one year. She needs to apply for the skilled visa of 489 provisional visas according to the Migration Act 1958. She is required to follow some regulation which includes: The applicant must register the arrival through online processing with immigration SA. Need to provide every contact details to the immigration SA. Must be nominated by a state or territory government agency or be sponsored by an eligible relative. Must have a relevant occupation. Must have a suitable skills assessment for the occupation. Should meet the points test pass mark of 60 points. Should be under 45 years of age at time of invitation. Must have Competent English. If Ai wants to extend the visa process of sub class 489 visas and want permanent visa or reapply for the visa then she should apply under the Skilled Regional visa (subclass 887). According to the visa regulation other family members can also stayed with the Skilled Regional visa (subclass 887) visa holders. The visa holder must complete the period of 2 years as slaying in Australia under the skilled visa of 489[7]. Therefore, you are sponsor of Ai must complete all the visa process regarding the Australian skilled occupations list. If you help us in submitting all the documentation within the certain time then it will be more helpful rather than other things. Thank you so much for all the co-operation with us. Your sincerely Bibliography "1220.0 - ANZSCO - Australian And New Zealand Standard Classification Of Occupations, First Edition, Revision 1." Abs.Gov.Au, 2017, https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Product+Lookup/1220.0~First+Edition,+Revision+1~Chapter~UNIT+GROUP+2515+Pharmacists "Home." Migration.Sa.Gov.Au, 2017, https://www.migration.sa.gov.au/. "Skilled Migrants." Migration.Sa.Gov.Au, 2017, https://www.migration.sa.gov.au/skilled-migrants. Akbari, Ather H., and Martha MacDonald. "Immigration policy in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States: An overview of recent trends." International Migration Review 48.3 (2014): 801-822. Campbell, Iain, and Joo-Cheong Tham. "Labour market deregulation and temporary migrant labour schemes: An analysis of the 457 visa program." (2014). ("1220.0 - ANZSCO - Australian And New Zealand Standard Classification Of Occupations, First Edition, Revision 1") "Skilled Migrants." Migration.Sa.Gov.Au, 2017, https://www.migration.sa.gov.au/skilled-migrants. "Home." Migration.Sa.Gov.Au, 2017, https://www.migration.sa.gov.au/. "Skilled Migrants." Migration.Sa.Gov.Au, 2017, https://www.migration.sa.gov.au/skilled-migrants. "Skilled Migrants." Migration.Sa.Gov.Au, 2017, https://www.migration.sa.gov.au/skilled-migrants. "Home." Migration.Sa.Gov.Au, 2017, https://www.migration.sa.gov.au/. "Skilled Migrants." Migration.Sa.Gov.Au, 2017, https://www.migration.sa.gov.au/skilled-migrants.

Beowulf vs Ulysses Essays

Beowulf vs Ulysses Essays Beowulf vs Ulysses Essay Beowulf vs Ulysses Essay Contrast: Ulysses and Beowulf When an individual envisions epic poetry, you cant help but think of dragons, heroes and huge battles. In the two epic poems Ulysses by Lord Tennyson and Beowulf translated by Burton Raffle, you find the two major heroes who are very intelligent above all other heroic attributes. Throughout each epic, you find the hero using the combination of strength, intelligence and unbreakable courage. The heroes are natural born leaders, that others around them cannot help but be mesmerisms by. A major connected between the two epics was the definition of dervish is evident. Through the Journeys of the main characters, Beowulf and Ulysses are each portrayed as heroes in the poems as they lead their men on great adventures. While both display many characteristics of heroes and leaders, Beowulf first act of leadership in the poem is when he offers to fight Greened unarmed. This is an example of leadership because he is standing up above everyone else, when all the other men are scared to. While all the other men are fearful and worried about Greened attacking, Beowulf is able to stay fearlessly as he awaited the arrival of Greened. From Ulysses poem it is evident he was a true leader, captaining ships and winning many battles in the Trojan War. Beowulf was also a very prideful individual, for example in his fight against Grenade. He was trying to seem heroic fighting without a weapon. You can also see this as an example of Beowulf enormous about of pride; he wants the glory from killing Grenade and that glory would be given if he killed him without a weapon. But Beowulf only longed for fame leaped back Lento battle. He tossed his sword aside, Angry; the steel-edged blade lay where Theyd dropped it. If weapons were useless hed use Shes hands, the strength in is fingers. So fame comes to the men who mean to win it and care about nothing else! (Line 605-608) In the quote it is so present that Beowulf only seeks fame, and glory of defeating Greened.

Pond Water Essays

Pond Water Essays Pond Water Essay Pond Water Essay Pond Water TITLE: By: Jacob O’Connor November 21, 2011 Jennifer Mertz BIO 101 SEC 3A Mid Michigan Community College HYPOTHESIS: If the pond water is not treated and is good quality water then there will be new organisms and plant life in the pond water ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to observe and understand what occurs in a sample of pond water over the course of six weeks. Over the six weeks there were qualitative and quantitative data found and recorded. The qualitative data recorded entailed: Water color and smell as well as suspended solids ranging from clear, opaque, and turbid. The quantitative data that was recorded regarded: Temperature, pH, Alkalinity, Hardness, Chlorine, as well as, Nitrate, and Nitrite. There were also two views of microscope observations. This report will explain and go into detail regarding the results of the observation of the pond water. INTRODUCTION: MATERIALS: 1. Water 9. Slide covers 2. Soil/Grass 10. Plant grow lights 3. Jar 11. Lab Manuel Books 4. Microscope 12. Nail 5. Thermometer 13. Hammer 6. Water quality test strips 14. Tape 7. Pipette 15. Nitrate/Nitrite strips 8. Slides 16. Lab Manual METHODS: Located in a 16 oz clear glass or plastic jar. Took the lid of the jar off and punctured holes in it metal lids are usually est, because you can use a hammer and a larger nail to puncture holes; where as a plastic lid tends to crack with a hammer and nail. Found a pond that contained water year round. Filled the jar 3/4 full with pond water. Added a 1/2 inch of sediment from the bottom of the pond. Also, added a small amount of dead grass or leaves to the jar. Prevented spillage while traveling, by placing a paper towel or plastic wrap between the top of the jar and then gently screwed the lid on over the plastic. Once in the lab, label the pond water using a stick on label with your name, instructor’s name, class section, and the date of when the pond water was collected which was on 10/05/11. Then each week for 6 weeks this data was recorded, the water color, the smell, suspended solids such as clear opaque, and turbid, the temperature was recorded each week using Celsius, the pH level, total alkalinity, total hardness, total chlorine, and free chlorine.

Paper on The Collapse of the Soviet Union and Its Impact on Eurasia Essay

Paper on The Collapse of the Soviet Union and Its Impact on Eurasia - Essay Example The states themselves had also to grapple with the realities of being on their own, and stitching new alliances with their neighbors and the rest of the world. Many of them saw internal revolutions, while others were content to let the status quo continue for sometime. Today, many of them have vibrant democracies and thriving economies, but this cannot be said of them all. The Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, or the USSR, was the world’s largest socialist state. When it was created in 1922, it comprised of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, as well as Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. By 1956, it comprised of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Russia was the most powerful of these, and the one that controlled the union. Before the union was dissolved in 1991, it extended from the Arctic ocean to the Afghan border with a population of roughly 293 million. The Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics or the USSR comprised of fifteen republics that were made up of people of varied ethnicities and divergent nationalities. On the 25th. December 1991, the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics was formally dissolved and the fifteen states that comprised the USSR became independent. This also marked the end of the cold war. Alth ough on the face of it, the downfall of the Soviet Union looked sudden, inexplicable and startling, some long term factors provided a slow and gradual decline in its power, while other short term factors provided the trigger that precipitated its collapse. By the 1980s the communist ideology was on the decline, and the idea of the state being "the leading and guiding force of Soviet life the nucleus of its political system, of all state organs and public organs," (Lewin, 1991) was being questioned. Vladimir Lenin’s revolutionary vision of a system

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Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism on Shanghai - Research Paper Example Shanghai is the most industrialized metropolis in China and is counted as one of the major metropolitan cities of the world. Shanghai has more than 5,800 square kilometers. Most tourists visiting Shanghai are usually advised to travel with maps in order not to get lost. The metropolis is not only identified as a financial, economic, and trade center, but is also admired for its cultural as well as historical heritage. The capital city, Beijing, is approximately 1460 km away from Shanghai. Most tourists in China, who wish to visit Shanghai, usually take the two hour flight from the capital to Shanghai, or take a 17 hour train journey that allows them to enjoy the scenery. Shanghai tourist attractions are easy to get to from its main center. Some of these include the Yuyuan Gardens, the Bund, which is the embodiment of Shanghai's history in prominent architectural structures, the lake Dianshan Hu, and the Four Cornered Pagoda, which is locally referred to as the Fang Ta. Shanghai, which is China's business and financial headquarters, has in the recent past benefitted from a double-digit growth. The city got over 80 million foreign and domestic tourists in 2001, alone. No town in China has fully embraced modernity and technology in the same way as Shanghai has. When in Shanghai, a tourist may get the illusion that he or she is in Europe or America and not Communist China. Shanghai radiates a cosmopolitan quality that is characterized by the contemporary lifestyles of its citizens, busy industrial and financial districts, skyscrapers, one of the busiest harbors in the area and ultra-chic business centers like museums, hotels, and shopping malls. While Be ijing is recognized as the center of the political government of China, which sponsors the Chinese academic institutions, Shanghai is known worldwide as China’s economic center and an incredibly enterprising city. Once a tiny and sleepy fishing rural community in the 1800s, Shanghai has been turned into a most enchanting, decadent and refined Chinese city. According to (Moscardo 3), â€Å"Shanghai has been dubbed as the "Paris of the East." International tourism takes place when citizens from different nations travel across intercontinental borders outside their normal homes as well as places of work, and stay for more than 24 hours in their places of visitation. The motivations for such trips are diverse, but usually recognized as being largely influenced by health, recreation, friendship and family visits, education, business, sports, and religion. As one of the most significant sources of foreign exchange revenue, and an investment catalyst, knowledge disseminator, and em ployment generator, international tourism has grown to be one of Shanghai’s most significant industries. Tourism has developed swiftly in Shanghai. At present, China is investing a lot of capital in promoting tourism and revising laws that govern its tourist industry. In the coming years, China expects to experience even more growth in this area, with the lion share of this development taking place in Shanghai. China’s tourism industry was somewhat affected by SARS scare but recovered swiftly. China is projected to be the world’s most fashionable tourist destination in the next decade. According to (Pike and Ryan 333), â€Å"tourism in Shanghai is a colossal labor intensive business that

Cardiovascular control in exercise, the contribution of central command and muscle afferents

Cardiovascular control in exercise, the contribution of central command and muscle afferents Cardiovascular Control in Exercise, the contribution of Central Command and Muscle Afferents The human body has the ability to easily adapt when exercise begins with many of these adaptations occurring in the cardiovascular system. It is well documented that at the onset of exercise heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity progressively increase to higher levels (Lind et al, 1964). These cardiovascular adaptations are controlled by either central (Central Command) or peripheral (exercise pressor reflex) mechanisms (McCloskey Mitchell, 1972). Central Command (CC) is thought to be a feed-forward process controlling both HR and respiration, both of which are known to increase in the anticipation of exercise (Secher, 2007). CC originates from higher areas of the brain (motor cortex and subcortical areas) and works in parallel with both the locomotor and cardiorespiratory systems during exercise (Green et al, 2007). The feed-forward efferent input converges on the cardiovascular centres of the brainstem along with feedback returning from afferents located in the active skeletal muscle providing the changes seen at the onset of exercise (Fisher et al, 2005). The changes within the cardiovascular system during exercise are helped via peripheral mechanisms as well as CC. CC inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing vagal tone allowing HR to rise, the sympathetic nervous system eventually takes over to allow further increases. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is produced via feedback from muscle afferents, mainly mechanoreceptors (Murata and Matsukawa, 2001), and forms the sensory arm of the exercise pressor reflex. Muscle afferents are split into two separate classes, group III and group IV. Group III afferents, classified as mechanoreceptors, are stimulated via muscle stretch, contraction or pressure (Kaufman et al, 1983) whereas group IV afferents, classified as metaboreceptors, are chemically sensitive (Gladwell and Coote, 2002). Afferents are also said to be polymodal and can respond to both mechanical and chemical stimuli (Mense and Meyer, 1985). The exercise pressor reflex is evoked when afferents become sensitised allowing feedback to the cardiovascular centres within the brain. This then allows adequate perfusion of the muscles by increasing cardiac output and constricting the vascular beds (OLeary, 1993). A number of studies aim to distinguish between the role of CC and muscle afferent feedback in humans during exercise. When the blood supply to an exercising muscle is occluded CC is not present, this process known as post exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO) activates metaboreceptors (Gandevia and Hobbs, 1990). Electrically evoked exercise also bypasses CC so when this method is used CC is redundant (Kaufman and Rybicki, 1987). These two methods allow the elimination of CC showing muscle afferents provide all feedback which could evoke a cardiovascular response. CC is activated in proportion to the intensity of the exercise; results from a study by Williamson et al (2002) have shown this through hypnosis. Originally an individuals perceived exertion during exercise was thought to be independent of any force being produced, allowing the magnitude of CC to be seen (Gandevia et al, 1993). Williamson et al (2002) obtained results related to this idea; they found that the level of CC activated was related to an individuals sense of effort independently of any force being produced. Increases in HR were found during hypnosis despite no exercise being performed and increases were therefore independent of feedback from afferents within the active limb. Passively stretching muscles allows cardiovascular responses to be evoked within humans; two studies by Gladwell and Coote (2002) and Fisher et al (2005) have proposed opposing ideas. Gladwell and Coote (2002) activated mechanoreceptors in the triceps surea to measure the effects on HR and BP. Voluntary isometric contraction of the plantar flexor followed by a sustained stretch of the triceps surea by dorsiflexion were performed. Fisher et al (2005) used a similar protocol but blood supply was occluded throughout and different percentages of maximal voluntary contraction were used. They aimed to see whether cardiovascular response to sustained muscle stretch was altered by varying metabolites within the muscle. Gladwell and Coote (2002) found HR increased soon after the onset of muscle contraction with part of the HR response being mediated via mechanoreceptors since stimulation of receptors via stretch decreased parasympathetic activity. Fisher et al (2005) found that HR and BP were unaffected by levels of metabolite accumulation, therefore stretch was seen to activate mechanically sensitive afferents which are unaffected by the metabolic condition. This studys use of occlusion shows that the response to stretch is purely from muscle afferents as it is known that CC is not present in these conditions. Gladwell and Coote (2002) did not use occlusion and though cardiac vagal tone activity was measured throughout stretch there is no way to ascertain whether CC was present. The conclusion drawn by Fisher et al (2005) is more reliable as the cardiovascular response seen is entirely down to mechanoreceptors, it must be certain that CC has been eliminated in Gladwell and Cootes (2002) study befo re the results can be taken into consideration. The use of stimulated and voluntary exercises is an easy way to directly compare the effects of CC and muscle afferent feedback on the cardiovascular system. An early study by Krogh and Lindhard (1917) showed through electrical stimulation that an increase in pulse rate was reflexly induced (by muscle afferent) whereas increases in voluntary exercise originated from cerebral impulses (CC). Alam and Smirk (1937) took this further and looked into the changes in BP during muscular work when circulatory occlusion was applied. A cuff placed around the thigh occluded flow whilst knee raises were performed at repeated intervals using only the calf muscle. BP rose as a result of the exercise and dropped when the exercise stopped, however it remained at an elevated level compared to rest. BP did not return to resting level until PECO was ceased. Mental efforts which are associated with muscular work are not the main reason for the rise in BP; when no cuff was placed around the leg increases in BP were less or abolished. Therefore the small fall in BP whilst PECO is still in place is due to the cessation of mental activity concerned with muscular exercise and muscle afferents must be causing the cardiovascular response thereafter. The studies indicated previously provided the basis for the concept that CC and muscle afferents affect cardiovascular response in separate ways. More recent studies by Coote et al (1971) and Bull et al (1989) have looked further into the effects of voluntary and stimulated exercise. Bull et al (1989) compared the pressor reflex during and following voluntary and involuntary contraction of the triceps surea whilst under occlusion. When voluntary contraction ended but PECO was maintained BP rapidly fell to a lower though still elevated level compared with rest. It was thought that the initial drop was attributed to the removal of CC, matching the results of Alam and Smirk (1937). The immediate drop in HR back to resting level seen post exercise whilst still under PECO suggests that it cannot be the metabolites which cause the increase in HR, if this were the case HR would stay elevated in PECO. The study concludes that the elevated BP following both types of contractions (electrical and voluntary) were due to circulatory arrest caused by trapped metabolites within the muscle. This suggests that the cardiovascular responses of HR and BP must be controlled by two separate mechanisms, CC and peripheral feedback respectively. Coote et al (1971) looked at the pressor reflex response to muscular exercise in cats. The cats were anaesthetised and contraction of the hindlimb was elicited by electrical stimulation of the ventral root, CC was not activated as electrical stimulation bypasses the brain. An increase in BP was still seen without CC being present therefore the conclusion was drawn that cardiovascular response arises from within the contracting muscles themselves, either mechanically or chemically, rather than from CC. Evidence for a chemical stimulus within humans has come from Alam and Smirk (1937) which can provide the link that results drawn from cats can be similar to those that occur in humans. It was also found that the pressor reflex was proportional to the tension developed by the contraction and so the stronger the contractions the large the pressor reflex is likely to be. Distinguishing between CC and muscle afferent feedback can also be undertaken through neuromuscular blockade (NMB) and anaesthesia. Two studies employing this technique are by Gandevia and Hobbs (1990) and Iwamoto et al (1987) both looked at cardiovascular response in man, McCloskey and Mitchell (1972) also employed this technique but investigated cats. The latter study sought to provide evidence that NMB would abolish the cardiovascular response in exercise. Cats triceps surea were electrically stimulated via the ventral root with two nerve blocking techniques being used: anodal blockage was used to eliminate large myelinated nerve fibres and anaesthesia was used to eliminate small and unmyelinated nerve fibres. Anodal block did not change the pressor reflex from the control condition; this is due to only the large fibres being blocked which are predominantly muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs. However under anaesthetic the cardiovascular responses were abolished. This is due to small and unmylinated fibres being blocked which are predominantly mechano- and metaboreceptors. The fact that only anaesthesia affects the cardiovascular response shows that the response is entirely due to the pressor reflex as no CC could be present. Iwamoto et al (1987) did a similar study but experimented on both cats and humans. The cat procedure was the same as McCloskey and Mitchell (1972) whilst humans performed voluntary and evoked knee extensions before and after NMB (tubocurarine). In cats blockade eliminated all cardiovascular responses compared with the control condition. In human voluntary contraction HR increased and strength was large, NMB reduced strength but allowed further increases in HR. Stimulated contraction reduced strength but HR was as large as in voluntary exercise though increased from the second R-R interval, NMB reduced strength further but HR still increased from second heart beat. BP increased in both types of exercise but to a lesser extent in stimulated exercise, NMB further reduced BP. As HR was unaffected by NMB it is suggested that it is governed by processes outside the muscle (CC) this is in line with Sechers (1985) findings. However BP was affected suggesting that muscle afferent feedback pl ays a role in the control of BP within the cardiovascular response, this matches the McCloskey and Mitchells (1972) conclusion drawn from cats. Gandevia and Hobbs (1990) looked at changes in HR and BP to graded contraction in man with the use of anaesthesia. Handgrip contractions were performed with a period of 3min PECO, arm muscles were then acutely paralysed via anaesthesia and the exercise performed again. HR and BP increased in line with the preceding contraction with PECO showing the degree to which the metaboreflex was activated. BP increased in direct relation to the preceding contraction but HR did not. In paralysis graded increases in HR were seen but not in BP, suggesting CC controls HR response. These results are consistent with in Iwamoto (1987) who found NMB to reduce BP response but which had little effect on HR response to voluntary contraction. Both studies show that cardiovascular response must be due to a combination of CC and chemoreflex. Gandevia and Hobbs (1990) showed that during anaesthesia HR was controlled by CC as muscle afferent would have been blocked, as BP did not increase with anaesthesia it could be concluded that muscle afferents control the modulation of BP. Conclusions can be drawn from all the relevant literature that CC and muscle afferent feedback have overlapping tendencies and that the different aspects of the cardiovascular response, though controlled via both mechanisms, lean towards one aspect more than the other. Therefore HR could be controlled to a greater extent by CC (Gandevia and Hobbs, 1990; Iwamoto et al, 1987 and Bull et al, 1989) whereas muscle afferent feedback could control BP response (Alam and Smirk, 1937 and Coote et al, 1971).